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Revisiones en Medicina Interna basadas en la Evidencia ENFERMEDAD INFLAMATORIA INTESTINAL (I). COLITIS ULCEROSA
EPIDEMIOLOGÍA - Se ha calculado una incidencia para la colitis ulcerosa (CU) de 3-15 casos/10000 habitantes y una prevalencia de 50 - 80/100000 habitantes (1). - Parece existir un gradiente decreciente norte-sur a nivel mundial, incluso entre regiones concretas (2-7). - Puede presentarse a cualquier edad, incluso en la infancia (8-10), aunque es típico un pico de incidencia entre los 15 y 30 años. - No hay especificidad de género (2, 3, 11) - Se ha demostrado una mayor incidencia en población judía y menor en población negra e hispana comparada con caucasianos (12, 13) ETIOLOGÍA Factores genéticos Factores ambientales 1. No se ha logrado demostrar el efecto beneficioso de lactancia natural sobre el posterior desarrollo de CU durante la adolescencia (34). 1. El consumo de margarina se ha relacionado con un riesgo incrementado para el desarrollo de CU (39). 1. Numerosos estudios han sugerido que la apendicectomía podría proteger contra el desarrollo de CU (41-45), aunque su mecanismo de acción es desconocido. PATOGENIA De la inflamación intestinal 1. Las células linfoides aisladas de lesiones de pacientes con EII presentan numerosos marcadores de activación. 1. La importancia de la microflora bacteriana en la inducción y/o mantenimiento de la enfermedad ha sido demostrada en modelos murinos, hasta el punto de que ratones deficientes en IL-2 e IL-10 por manipulación genética desarrollaron EII en presencia de microflora bacteriana normal, pero no en condiciones de ausencia microbiana.De las manifestaciones extraintestinales... 1. Básicamente se considera que pueden afectar a cualquier órgano y que, a excepción de la colangitis esclerosante primaria y la espondilitis anquilosante, presentan un curso paralelo al de la propia afectación intestinal, generalmente iniciadas por ésta. 1. La presencia de HLA-DRB1*0103 (DR103), B27 y B58 se ha relacionado con manifestaciones extraintestinales de la CU, especialmente la afectación de articulaciones y ojos (61-62). 1. Se ha considerado que el desarrollo de células B autorreactivas generaría autoanticuerpos contra objetivos de superficie celular (65), proceso facilitado por las células T CD4+ que contribuirían a la respuesta inmune especialmente en individuos genéticamente predispuestos (66-68). CLÍNICA Manifestaciones intestinales: Historia natural: Complicaciones locales: Cáncer colorrectal (CCR) 1. En pacientes con pancolitis el riesgo aumenta a partir de los primeros 8-10 años de enfermedad (93-95) con una incidencia acumulada del 5-10% a los 20 años y del 12-20% a los 30 años del inicio (96-98) y riesgo absoluto evaluado del 30% tras 35 años de enfermedad (99).La ileítis "por reflujo" parece ser un factor de riesgo independiente (100) 1. British Society of Gastroenterology (127): Megacolon tóxico (MT) 1. Dilatación colónica en radiografía simple (> 6 cm) generalmente colon transverso y/o ascendenteManifestaciones extraintestinales 1. Eritema nodoso: el trastorno cutáneo más frecuente. Aparece en más del 15% de los pacientes (134-135). Su curso es paralelo a la actividad intestinal, aunque en ocasiones precede a la sintomatología intestinal o incluso acontece en fases quiescentes. El tratamiento de la EII habitualmente controla dichas lesiones cutáneas. 1. Epiescleritis: ocurre en el 2-5% de pacientes con EII (137) . A la terapéutica propia de la CU se recomienda asociar esteroides tópicos oculares con un resultado generalmente satisfactorio. 1. Colangitis esclerosante primaria (CEP): se estima que aproximadamente el 5% de pacientes con CU desarrollan CEP y que la CU está presente en el 90% de los casos de CEP (140) 1. Generalidades: 1. Generalidades: 1. Deficiencias nutricionales o incapacidad para mantener el peso ideal ocurren en un 18-62% de adultos con CU(162,163) .La malnutrición es menos acusada que en la EC DIAGNÓSTICO Colonoscopia: técnica diagnóstica de elección en pacientes con sospecha de EII. 1. Proctitis: enfermedad limitada a recto TRATAMIENTO Médico: el enfoque inicial deriva de la extensión e intensidad del proceso.A la hora de elegir terapéutica tópico entre supositorios, espuma o enemas debemos considerar la extensión proximal de la enfermedad, a sabiendas de que los primeros ejercen su efecto sobre recto y sigma distal, que la espuma alcanza sigma medio(171) y que el efecto de los enemas puede extenderse hasta el colon a nivel de la flexura esplénica(172). 1. De elección: administración tópica de 5-aminosalicilatos (5-ASA) preferiblemente en supositorios (500mg/6-12 h) durante 4-6 semanas; remisión en el 93% manteniendo la misma en un 75%(173). Si se considera terapia de mantenimiento se puede reducir progresivamente la dosis hasta 500 mg nocturnos/72 h(174) aunque para algunos autores no es una opción válida por escasa adherencia. No considerar mantenimiento en aquellos que responden de forma rápida (< 3 semanas) 1. Formas leves-moderadas: 1. Formas leves-moderadas: 1. Líneas generales del tratamiento: 1. Acido eicosapentanóico (EPA): derivado del aceite de pescado, es un inhibidor importante de la actividad de los leucotrienos y ha demostrado su eficacia en la mejoría histológica, ganancia de peso y reducción de dosis de esteroides de dichos pacientes(194-195), aunque la adhesión al tratamiento suele ser baja dada la cantidad de cápsulas a ingerir (15-18 cápsulas/día de 180mg cada una) y el aliento a pescado que producen. Medidas adicionales 1. Generalidades: Tratamiento quirúrgico 1. El tratamiento quirúrgico adecuadamente indicado y correctamente realizado es un pilar importante de la terapia puesto que alivia síntomas, evita complicaciones serias, mejora la calidad de vida y en algunos casos puede salvar vidas(210-211) 1. La indicación más común para la cirugía es la enfermedad activa que resulta intratable con terapéutica médica, considerando como intratables aquellos casos en los que la enfermedad o su tratamiento condiciona un persistente y severo deterioro de la calidad de vida(215) 1. Colectomía total, proctectomía mucosa y anastomosis ileoanal con reservorio (IPAA): técnica preferida y experimentada en muchos centros, especialmente cuando se trata de cirugía electiva. Es un procedimiento a realizar en dos tiempos, carece de ileostomía, la defecación es transanal y la continencia fecal está preservada. En ocasiones el procedimiento falla o no es técnicamente posible lo que lleva a su abandono intraoperatorio en el 4% de los casos(220). Se relaciona con un pequeño riesgo de disfunción sexual (impotencia 1.5%, eyaculación retrógrada 4%, dispareunía transitoria 7%) y urinaria. El seguimiento a largo plazo ha objetivado una media de 5 deposiciones diarias durante el día y una nocturna, detectando además incontinencia diurna (7%) y nocturna (12%) con un probabilidad de fallo de reservorio del 2% al año y 9% a los 10 años(221) 1. El desarrollo de neoplasia en pacientes considerados de alto riesgo como los portadores de reservorio de Kock de más de 14 años o reservorio pélvico de más de 12 años de evolución, historia de displasia o cáncer en la pieza de proctocolectomía y/o reservoritis, resultó de baja incidencia(226) . Tratamiento de la artropatía asociada 1. El tratamiento de la CU es a menudo útil en el control de la artritis periférica aunque los aminosalicilatos parecen no tener un efecto antinflamatorio directo sobre la sinovial (232) salvo sulfasalazina, que contiene sulfapiridina de valor antiartrítico (234) COLITIS ULCEROSA Y DESCENDENCIA Fertilidad: numerosos estudios han demostrado que la fertilidad no se halla disminuída ni en hombres ni en mujeres con CU, salvo infertilidad femenina o impotencia secundarias a proctocolectomía (236-237) u oligospermia reversible tras sulfasalazina (238-239), así es que el menor número de descendendientes en dicha población corresponde más a una decisión personal que ha complicaciones derivadas de la misma(240). Embarazo 1. La sigmoidoscopia es una técnica diagnóstica segura durante el embarazo(241). Aunque la colonoscopia también parece segura no se recomienda por existir menor experiencia al respecto(242). 1. Viene determinado en parte por el grado de actividad de la CU en el momento de la concepción. 1. Los datos son discordantes habiéndose documentado una tasa de recién nacidos sanos semejante a la población general(247-248) 1. Sulfasalazina(251) y 5-ASA(252-255) son seguros durante el embarazoy la lactancia 1. Pacientes con colitis fulminante pueden someterse a colectomía con éxito (264-265) aunque dicho tratamiento puede condicionar aborto espontáneo o parto prematuro (266)BIBLIOGRAFIA 1. Jewell, DP. Ulcerative Colitis. In: Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management, Feldman, M, Scharschmidt, BF, Sleisenger, MH (Eds), WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1998. p.1735. 2. Shivananda, S, Lennard-Jones, J, Logan, R, et al. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD). Gut 1996; 39:690. 3. Trallori, G, Palli, D, Saieva, C, et al. 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